Alienation in Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto - Literature Essay Samples

Alienation is a core aspect of Marxist thinking. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argue in The Communist Manifesto that capitalism is the cause alienation. The theory is that the estrangement, or alienation, of people, is a consequence of living in a society with social classes. Social classes lead humans to be separated from each other and ultimately from themselves. Marx and Engels argue that capitalism causes workers to be alienated from others due to class struggle, their act of producing and from the human species. Throughout The Communist Manifesto, it is shown that capitalism worsens the alienation of the worker from each of these aspects. As communism offers a unity between workers, alienation, for Marx and Engels, is an effect of capitalism and its exploitation of the Proletariat and communism is the solution that they offer. The Communist Manifesto writes, â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx Engels, The Communist Manifesto 10). The idea of class is a struggle for anyone who is being oppressed by the confines of social class. This struggle is what has formed the society that Marx and Engels live in. The authors argue that history is a constant battle, â€Å"†¦now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending class† (10). This fight is due to alienation and oppression. Those who are being oppressed feel alienated, leading them to revolt against their oppressors. Marx and Engels use these examples from history to show how capitalism has led to revolution and war, â€Å"freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (10). Why are these people being separated? It is due to social class es. Capitalism leads those in power to take what they can from the weaker party. This idea of class creates an unfair system for those in the lower class. They write, â€Å"our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat† (10). The thing that the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat have in common is that they are opposing each other. The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat rely on one another but it is the workers that feel the alienation from the other as they get less out of this relationship. The upper class gets the benefits of the lower class workers while the lower class does not receive the same reward for their harder physical labor. Communism is the solution to the class struggle that Marx and Engels offer, by sharing that without class, no one would feel separate from another. Another aspect of Marx’s theory of alienation is the alienation of the worker and his product. When the worker creates the product, the product generates wealth that is given to the bourgeois and not for the worker, and then the condition of the worker deteriorates. The worker is creating the thing that will eventually take control of him. This devalues the worker. Capitalism also takes away the value of one’s labor, â€Å"in bourgeois society, living labor is but a means to increase accumulated labour. In communist society, accumulated labour is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the labourer† (19). In a capitalist society, the things or objects that the worker creates are taken from him; their labour becomes a commodity. In a capitalist society, one’s labor goes into the pocket of another, while in a communist society everything one creates will equally benefit everyone, including oneself. Workers have no control over the produc t, or over what they are producing and the products workers create end up dominating the workers.The worker loses wealth, financially and emotionally. This is because the wealth is handed to those in power leaving the worker enslaved, degraded and impoverished. Marx and Engels believe that communism will bridge this divide. They write, â€Å"let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE† (33). The authors argue that the worker has been so devalued that he has nothing left to lose. This also refers to the proletariat’s oppression as they mention â€Å"their chains† (33). Under capitalism, work is controlled by employers and not by those actually doing the work. The worker lacks fulfillment. This is how the social aspects of alienation emerge. The worker’s labor becomes something that is used to generate money for survival instea d of labor to exercise human creativity. The ability to be creative in one’s labor is denied to workers. Workers become alienated from humanity when their only means of expression is their labor. One loses his sense of self when his day-to-day activities consist only of labor for someone other than himself. Marx and Engels argue that laborers are losing their humanity by becoming attached to their labor, â€Å"†¦the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him† (14). They argue that the worker is becoming such a part of their machines and labor that they do not have individuality. The potential for human creativity is lost. One becomes less human when their life revolves around labor benefiting another while getting little in return. This happens under capitalism. Human potential is non-existent in a non-expressive and capital producing environment. The worker cannot produ ce growth because he is doing the same thing day in and day out. Humans, as opposed to animals, have a consciousness and a will. This consciousness allows for free human activity. This free activity or will is a part of human nature. The alienated labor that capitalism creates takes away the product, thus taking away this aspect of human nature. Taking away this human advantage turns humans into animals.This creates a gap between the classes because the lower class has lost its humanity while the upper class maintains and feeds off the lower class’ struggle. A communist society would allow workers to be creative because the person that work is being created for is themselves allowing for error and experimentation. Marx and Engels use alienation as one tool to show the problems with a capitalist system in The Communist Manifesto. Throughout the authors’ writing, it is shown that through a communist system alienation of peoples could be ended. Whether it is through one’s relationship to social class, one’s relationship to his or her production or one’s relationship to human nature it is seen through Marx and Engels’ writing that the capitalist system is a system that separates people rather than uniting them. Throughout The Communist Manifesto, it is seen that communism is the solution to this gap in society. Communism breaks down barriers created by social class, communism brings purpose to one’s labor and communism creates a relationship between human beings and human nature. Through Marx and Engels’ writing, it is seen that communism will bring value to the proletariat’s life and work.

`` Violence Vanquished `` By Steven Pinker - 1355 Words

In his Wall Street Journal essay, â€Å"Violence Vanquished,† Steven Pinker claims that contrary to perceived notions of increasing violence and turbulence in the world, brutality is declining and empathy is on the rise.† Pinker establishes this argument through numeric comparisons of death tolls, genocides and other aggressive perpetrations in modern society with those in prehistoric times. He credits the fall in these quantifications of â€Å"violence† to the processes of pacification, civilization, humanitarian revolution, Long Peace, New Peace and the rights revolution that have together created an environment conducive to â€Å"our better angels.† While Pinker does an efficient job substantiating these claims with abstract examples of our â€Å"bloody history† drawn from sources like the Old Testament and feudal lifestyles, his argument rests upon a narrow denotation of violence that only looks at human death and no other manifestation of aggression. Though Pinker organizes his argument to prove each development process’s impact on peace, he fails to acknowledge the price society has paid in ways like global warming, diplomatic inadequacy and weak national governments. The data Pinker uses to prove his point obscures the collateral damage social change has generated by creating new forms of violence that are as destructive as wars but disproportionately affected certain communities. Although Pinker references historical violence as portrayed in, â€Å"gory mutilations in Shakespeare s

Holding Onto Reality - 975 Words

Holding Onto Reality For me, Holding On to Reality, by , does just that: grabs on to the realest, most relatable ideas about the Information Age, and refuses to let go. I have had a difficult time talking and writing about Borgmann. For our class listserv responses, I felt like I had nothing to comment on. In our class discussions, I had a hard time figuring out what everyone was talking about. Borgmann’s writing style (and diction and even content) is clear and straightforward, and it leaves me at a loss for anything to interpret or explicate. Borgmann writes sentences like â€Å"Social critics and information theorists are divided on whether information is the devil or the Second Coming† and â€Å"Information through the power of†¦show more content†¦For example, if I read Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, and bring to my reading my personal understanding of fiction writing and my life experiences to date, I might decide that Plath has created a brilliant work of fiction that should be meticulously picked apart, diagrammed, dissected, and combed for meaning. But, if some other woman read The Bell Jar, bringing to her reading a limited knowledge of fiction writing, but a deeply personal understanding of depression, suicide, and mental illness, she might decide that Plath’s work is a misconstructed, misrepresentative, and even offensive piece of literature. What the author creates is a guide, an outline, and even an imagining; the reader may imagine or conceptualize the author’s text in an entirely different way. So, whether authors have definite intentions or not, it is unrealistic that their texts will produce only one interpretation. In Borgmann’s conclusion, he presents an idea that I find central to our class and its discussion of the role of the Internet and the Information Age in our lives. He writes, â€Å"Information is about to overflow and suffocate reality† (213). With the invention or development of new technological devices or advances every day, this suffocation seems imminent. With the Palm Pilot, the DVD player, with cellular phones that check e-mail and computers that play movies, with all the newer technologies with whichShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Cat On A Hot Tin Roof 1349 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Holding onto Crutches â€Å"Of course you always had that detached quality as if you were playing a game without much concern over whether you won or lost, and now that you’ve lost the game, not lost but just quit playing, you have that sort of charm that usually only happens in very old or hopelessly sick people, the charm of the defeated† (30). In this quote, Maggie, a character in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, is expressing to her husband Brick how he surrounds his life with a defeated auraRead MoreExamples Of Innocence In Catcher In The Rye1143 Words   |  5 Pagesis transitioning from different stages of his life. In a coming of age story, losing innocence is a sign of growing up and change. 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Infection Control Encompasses Strategies †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Infection Control Encompasses Strategies. Answer: Introduction Infection control and prevention with the use of chlorhexidine washcloths The discipline of infection control often encompasses prevention and management of nosocomial and healthcare associated infections in healthcare facilities. This topic is of utmost importance to nurses as it forms the basis of delivery of healthcare services and works towards improving the overall health and wellbeing of all patients. Infection control is imperative for public health practice. Two major implications of this topic are associated with their effectiveness in controlling an epidemic outbreak, and preventing an infection spread by recognising all underlying factors and routes of exposure to communicable diseases (Tacconelli et al. 2014). Nurses are placed at an unique position for bringing about changes that help them to improve care standards. There are several tools made available to nurses for creating a safe environment for their patients. Thenursing duty requires them to adapt certain precautions that form the cornerstone of a safe health-based environment that is free of infection. Thus, infection control and prevention is a major duty ofnursing practice. This research activity will enable nurses to understand the significance of maintaining appropriate infection control practices in the healthcare setting. Reasons for undertaking research Preventing or controlling the spread of pathogens, such as, viruses and bacteria is the primary duty of nurses. Thus, the research activity is essential for maintaining a safe healthcare environment for all healthcare professionals, patients, and their family members. Most disabled and ill people are cared for in confined spaces. This makes them more susceptible to acquiring all forms of HAIs (Rosenthal et al. 2013). Thus, the research will increase an awareness on thenursing standards needed to control infection and will also help in determining effectiveness of the intervention (use of chlorhexidine washcloths) for the same. Research question/hypothesis Question: Does chlorhexidine bathing reduce rates of hospital acquired infections among patients? Hypothesis: Using chlorhexidine washcloths on patients admitted to the ICU will help in reducing rates of infection in the hospital setting. In recent years, several efforts have been taken to increase the awareness and knowledge of healthcare professionals for eliminating potential mortality and morbidity associated with hospital acquired infections (HAIs). In addition, several countries have taken rigid stance for averting such infections. According to the researches that have been conducted on determining impact of chlorhexidine bathing washcloths, CHG has been found to reduce rates of central line associated infections, UTI, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and SSI. Trials that compared rates of infection, before and after use of CHG washcloths have shown significant lowering in the infection rates after CHG institution (Krein et al. 2012). Furthermore, evidences have also indicated that CHG results in a decrease in vancomycin resistant Enterococci. Primary BSI rates of infection have also demonstrated significant reduction with the use of CHG (CDC 2012). Nursing Interventions: The intervention would be that the nurse should bath all patients admitted to the ICU with the use of 2% CHG washcloths, in place of regular soap and water. Client perceptions: Studies have shown nurses who adopt appropriate infection control techniques are better able to prevent spread of infections in the ICU from patients to their family members or healthcare professionals. In addition to hand hygiene maintenance, use of CHG has also been established effective in reducing spread of nosocomial infections in healthcare settings. Thus, use of this intervention will also make the clients or patients learn and understand that the concerned healthcare professionals are taking all possible efforts to improve their health outcomes. Political Issues: Increased healthcare costs, lack ofnursing staff, turnover rates Research objective The objective of this research activity is to evaluate or investigate the effectiveness or positive impacts of bathing critically ill patients using 2% chlorhexidine impregnated washcloths in preventing the incidence of hospital-acquired infections. Other discipline Patient safety discipline can also be correlated with the research activity as it illustrates that safeguarding patients is of utmost importance and can be achieved by adopting essential prevention strategies that help in lowering rates of medical errors. Hence, patient safety eliminates adverse health outcomes. Hence, in addition to assisting the nursing discipline, the research activity will also enhance patient safety arena. Sources of data and evidence Cochrane Library- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/ PubMed- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ The aforementioned two sources were used to retrieve articles for the research activity as it contained relevant and current articles that had been published on the effects of chlorhexidine washcloth use in infection prevention. Search strategy Recent and relevant findings were extracted from google scholar with regards to CHG use as an infection control practice. The research question was kept comprehensive and specific. Data extraction contained use of several search terms that helped in retrieving relevant articles. The search terms were hygiene, infection control, hospital infection, infection prevention, chlorhexidine, nosocomial, washcloth. Boolean operators such as, OR, AND, and NOT were used. This helped in excluding unpublished or irrelevant articles. Systematic approach Statement of objective: Use of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate impregnated washcloths by nurses, for patients admitted to intensive care units will effectively reduce rates of nosocomial infection in the healthcare setting. Data collection: Peer reviewed articles, systematic reviews were used for collecting relevant, updated and recent research articles that had been conducted for determining effectiveness of daily 2% chlorhexidine gluconate baths. The first piece of research collected is a randomised controlled trial. Another cohort study has also been collected as a major piece of evidence. Data evaluation: The first piece of research to be evaluated is an RCT that discussed effects of daily CHG bathing on MDRO acquisition and incidence of bloodstream infections in a hospital. The RCT was an useful piece of evidence as it helped in determining the direct impacts of CHG washcloth bathing on patients, thereby showing their effects on HAI rates. It also demonstrated significant effects of the intervention on rates of associated VRE and MRSA in the healthcare setting (Climo et al. 2013). The cohort study was also useful in the sense that it directly evaluated effects of chlorhexidine patient bathing conducted across a hospital on rates of healthcare-associated infections. The information from the article can be used for the research activity as, in addition to effects of the intervention on infection rates, it also demonstrated CHG tolerance among patients (Rupp et al. 2012). A systematic review was also considered for the same that investigated effectiveness of daily CHG bathing in nosocomial infection prevention among ICU patients. Inclusion of this systematic review was a correct step for this research activity as it contained essential information pertaining to impact of CHG bathing from 12 quasi-experimental studies and 3 RCTs. It helped in providing relevant information on rates of urinary tract infection, catheter related infections and pneumonia (Huang et al. 2016). A before-and-after study was also used as a piece of evidence that described the direct impacts of 2% CHG impregnated washcloth use on VRE colonisation. Inclusion of the study was essential for the research activity as it contained exhaustive information on CHG administration upon patients admitted to the oncology and hematology ward and also determined the subsequent rates of VRE (Bass et al. 2013). Analysis: Overall, from the wide list of articles that were retrieved from the two sources, the aforementioned four articles were found to be most appropriate for gaining a sound understanding of the direct influence or impact of bathing ICU patients with washcloths that are impregnated with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, in reducing infection rates. Distinction between relevant and irrelevant information The systematic review conducted for evaluating the effects of daily bathing of patients using chlorhexidine washcloths for preventing hospital-acquired infections. Due to the fact that such infections are found to increase hospitalisation rates, and associated healthcare costs, information presented in this systematic review was particularly useful and relevant in this context. In this nursing profession that considers nurses as the frontline of patient-centered care, dependency of patients on the nursing staff is increasing significantly. Thus, nurses often fail to provide the adequate level of care that is required for all patients. Therefore, this systematic review will act as a relevant piece of information and will help nursing professionals to increase their knowledge on best infection control practices. Prioritising information The two research articles are the following: Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection. Effect of hospital-wide chlorhexidine patient bathing on healthcare-associated infections. Comparison The comparison for the two articles are given in the appendix. Conclusion Thus, it can be conclude from the research findings extracted for this activity that infection control nurses specialise in preventing or reducing spread of potentially infectious agents, such as, bacteria and viruses. Therefore, it is imperative to the duty of an infection control nurse to prevent dangerous epidemics. Some of the most common precautions adopted by healthcare professionals for infection control include hand washing techniques, use of sanitiser sprays, and proper bathing of the admitted patients. It can be concluded from the findings that infection control nurses are expected to use chlorhexidine washcloths while bathing their patients for preventing spread of germs to healthy individuals and for skin disinfection. Evidences suggest that chlorhexidine impregnated washcloths when used on the skin are able in reducing pathogen levels on the skin. Findings also suggest that CHG bathing effectively prevents pathogen colonisation and subsequent infection, thereby lowering rates of their dissemination to the environment and to the hands of other healthcare personnel, patients or family members. Similar findings are also reported by other studies that state that CHG is a safe and effective antiseptic solution that has broad acting antiseptic activity. Thus, novel uses of chlorhexidine impregnated cloths will effectively preventing infection. Therefore, providing nurses with the opportunity of possessing essential nursing skills that focus on infection control will help in enhancing patient health outcomes, thereby fostering a healthy nurse-patient relationship, increasing job satisfaction and staff retention. Impact of findings It is now considered an imperative nursing duty to maintain standard precautions that underpin routine adherence to safe nursing practices for preventing spread of pathogens in a healthcare facility. Nurses should assess the extent of contact with contaminated objects, body fluids, blood and pathogen, and should comply with essential infection control practices in the healthcare setting for identifying all patients who are at an increased likelihood of acquiring nosocomial infections. Showing accurate adherence to the nursing infection control strategies that includes use of CHG washcloths will help the nurses to interpret their concerns for the patients and the former will be able to better aniticipate the preferences and demands of the patients. This will directly improve patient health outcomes and enhance job satisfaction. Use of information in workplace The steps of using 2% CHG impregnated washcloths and their benefits can be disseminated in the workplace (healthcare setting) by creating illustrative posters or pamphlets that will contain relevant information on the same. It will improve knowledge and skills of the staff in the area of infection control and prevention, and will also provide a concise idea of the steps that need to be taken for limiting infection rates. Reflection One way that can be implemented in current practice is conduction of weekly meetings and discussions that will focus on informing all healthcare personnel of their infection control priorities and cleaning standards that must be followed in the healthcare organisation. It will make the healthcare professionals conscious and they will be able to meet the necessary health guidelines. All healthcare workers, in addition to the management will also gain a sound understanding of their responsibilities in relation to infection control. Issues that require further research and evaluation Further research should be conducted on determining effectiveness of skin wipes or washcloths that are impregnated with herbal extracts for preventing spread of pathogens. This will act as an essential step in preventing infection among home-bound patients or those living in regions with no access to CHG washcloths. References Bass, P., Karki, S., Rhodes, D., Gonelli, S., Land, G., Watson, K., Spelman, D., Harrington, G., Kennon, J. and Cheng, A.C., 2013. Impact of chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths on reducing incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in hematologyoncology patients.American journal of infection control,41(4), pp.345-348. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2012. Vital signs: preventing Clostridium difficile infections.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,61(9), p.157. Climo, M.W., Yokoe, D.S., Warren, D.K., Perl, T.M., Bolon, M., Herwaldt, L.A., Weinstein, R.A., Sepkowitz, K.A., Jernigan, J.A., Sanogo, K. and Wong, E.S., 2013. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection.New England Journal of Medicine,368(6), pp.533-542. Huang, H.P., Chen, B., Wang, H.Y. and He, M., 2016. The efficacy of daily chlorhexidine bathing for preventing healthcare-associated infections in adult intensive care units.The Korean journal of internal medicine,31(6), p.1159. Krein, S.L., Kowalski, C.P., Hofer, T.P. and Saint, S., 2012. Preventing hospital-acquired infections: a national survey of practices reported by US hospitals in 2005 and 2009.Journal of general internal medicine,27(7), pp.773-779. Rosenthal, V.D., Richtmann, R., Singh, S., Apisarnthanarak, A., Kbler, A., Viet-Hung, N., Ramrez-Wong, F.M., Portillo-Gallo, J.H., Toscani, J., Gikas, A. and Dueas, L., 2013. Surgical site infections, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 30 countries, 20052010.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(6), pp.597-604. Rupp, M.E., Cavalieri, R.J., Lyden, E., Kucera, J., Martin, M., Fitzgerald, T., Tyner, K., Anderson, J.R. and VanSchooneveld, T.C., 2012. Effect of hospital-wide chlorhexidine patient bathing on healthcare-associated infections.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,33(11), pp.1094-1100. Tacconelli, E., Cataldo, M.A., Dancer, S.J., Angelis, G., Falcone, M., Frank, U., Kahlmeter, G., Pan, A., Petrosillo, N., Rodrguez?Bao, J. and Singh, N., 2014. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug?resistant Gram?negative bacteria in hospitalized patients.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(s1), pp.1-55.

Renaissance And Age of Exploration free essay sample

Explain how the changes in Western Europe in the 1400s led to the Age of Exploration? Include a. the Renaissance b. the growth of nation states c. advances in sailing technology In the 1400s, Europe experienced what came to be known as the renaissance, or rebirth. During this period of time, major advances in technology and learning were made. Also, the renaissance was a time of great economic prosperity. These advances would later lead to many new discoveries in the subsequent age of exploration. The discoveries and advancements in technology made during the 1400s ultimately lead to the discovery of the Americas. After the devastation of the bubonic plague during the dark ages, merchants had excess amounts of goods and no one to sell those goods to. Afterwards, population increased dramatically, and Europe experienced great economic prosperity. This led to many cultural advances, such as the resurgence of artisans and the stress on knowledge and questioning. We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance And Age of Exploration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The building of ships also went through a drastic revolution. The caravel was one such advancement as not only was it agile and easy to maneuver, but it also could sail fairly well in most every wind condition. This meant it was both faster and more efficient than the existing vessels. This meant that longer journeys could be taken. Once the population had increased and goods were being traded, cities started developing. The development of cities also led to the development of nations. Instead of several kings ruling different regions of a culturally similar land, one king took power over all of the territory in one land. They then set up governments that collected taxes on those goods that were being traded. With such revenue they could sponsor expeditions to other lands such as India and china by sea. During the crusades, spices were brought from India and the Middle East. Everyone in Europe wanted spices to give flavor to their traditionally bland food. The traditional trade routes were long and cost merchants a lot of money, which in turn made the spices incredibly expensive. To attempt to make the spices cheaper to obtain, merchants enlisted explorers and ship captains to find sea routes to India. Most tried sailing down the west coast of Africa and around Cape Horn; however this was a fairly dangerous and difficult journey. Christopher Columbus proposed that the earth was round and that one could sail around to India. This resulted in the discovery in the new world, all thanks to the renaissance. The renaissance was the best thing that could have happened to Europe after the middle ages. Major advances in technology and learning during the 1400s paved the way for the age of exploration and the discovery of the new world. Europe went through a major revolution during the fifteenth century, and if had not we would not be where we are today.

Franz Kline Biography

Franz Kline Biography Franz Klines life story reads like a movie plot: Young artist starts out with high hopes, spends years struggling without success, eventually finds a style, becomes an overnight sensation and dies too soon. Kline was best known for his role as an action painter of abstract expressionism, a movement that was popular in New York during the 1940s and 1950s and introduced the world to artists including Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. Early Life Kline was born on May 23, 1910  Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. As the cartoonist for his high school newspaper, Kline was a good enough student to leave coal-mining country and attend Boston University. With budding artistic ambition, he went   to study at the Art Students League, and then Heatherly Art School in London. In 1938, he returned to the U.S. with his British wife and settled in New York City. Art Career It seemed New York really didnt care much that Kline had talent back in England and was ready to take on the world. He struggled for years as a figurative artist, doing portraits for two loyal patrons that won him a modest reputation. He also painted city scenes and landscapes, and occasionally resorted to painting barroom murals to pay the rent money. In the mid 1940s, he met de Kooning and Pollock, and began to explore his own growing interest in trying new styles of painting. Kline had been noodling around with black and white for years, creating small brush drawings and projecting them onto the wall of his studio. Now he got rather serious about creating the projected images using just his arm, brush and mental imagery. The pictures that began to emerge were given a solo exhibition in New York in 1950. As a result of the show, Franz became an established name in the art world and his large, black and white compositions- likened to grids, or Oriental calligraphy- achieved notoriety. With his reputation as a leading abstract expressionist secured, Kline concentrated on turning out his new passion. His new work had short, seemingly meaningless names, such as Painting (sometimes followed by a number), New York, Rust or the old stand-by Untitled. He spent his last years trying to introduce color back into the mix, but was cut down in his prime by heart failure. Kline died on May 13, 1962 in New York City. He couldnt explain what his paintings meant, but Kline left the art world with the understanding that explanation of his art was not its intended purpose. His paintings were supposed to make one feel, not comprehend. Important Works Chief, 1950Painting, 1952Painting Number 2, 1954White Forms, 1955Untitled, 1955Lehigh V Span, 1960Le Gros, 1961 Famous Quote The final test of a painting, theirs, mine, any other, is: does the painters emotion come across?

Iraqi arrest perpetrators of saydet al najat church Assignment

Iraqi arrest perpetrators of saydet al najat church - Assignment Example The church building is easy to track as it is one of the two in the Muslim neighborhood located in Baghdad, Iraq. in the At the church grounds, everything appeared normal. The church compound was silent; an individual could hear a pin drop. We proceeded to get a seat in the church as the Sunday proceeding had got underway and the preacher was giving the sermon. Approximately ten minutes into the sermon, a commotion got heard from outside the church. A car screeched into the compound, and there was hesitation by the preacher in his speech. The sound of boots hitting the ground outside the got heard from within the church building. Everyone in the building got visibly terrified from the facial expressions. Shouting from outside the church could now get heard too. The shouting together with the sounds of the boots neared the church building entrance (Pope, 2002). The preacher had by now stopped preaching. He asked the ushers to head outside and check on what was taking place. No sooner had the first usher got to the entrance, that gun sounds got heard. Everyone in the church started running helter skelter looking for a hiding place and heading out of the building via other church exits. Everything was happening so fast while time appeared to halt. My husband had meanwhile taken the child and lay under a church bench. I quickly followed suit! The shooting got rampant as cries got louder. Bullets were flying all over the building as evidenced by a shell that fell just besides me under the seat. My husband held our daughter’s mouth to prevent her from wailing. As the gunmen ceased to fire, they quickly ran out of the building shouting to each other in jubilant mood. Ten minutes passed, and not a soul moved about in the church. Police sirens got heard from outside the compound. Within seconds, police got in the building asking those still hiding to come out. There was hesitation at first, but slowly people crept out of their hiding places. The devastation was c lear, dead bodies got left scattered in the church. Bullet shells lay all over the building (Pope, 2002). Blood marks were everywhere. The police led the survivors into waiting police cars as they continued with their investigation. News crews had gathered outside as survivors got received by counselors. My family and I got taken for a check up in a nearby ambulance. This experience could get described as twenty minutes in hell. Fast forward a month later and hundreds of Iraqi Muslims and Christians in Baghdad's Karrada neighborhood take to the streets in celebration. This followed the announcement that the perpetrators of the attacks on the Sayedat al-Najat Church got arrested. Residents of the neighborhood that saw the October 31st attacks launched fireworks and played patriotic songs in cafes, shops and residences. Al-Qaeda leader arrested The Iraqi Ministry of Interior announced the arrest of the terrorist cell that gets believed to be responsible for the attack that targeted th e church in central Baghdad late last month. Scores of people got killed and wounded. Security forces made the arrests during a raid on November 24th at dawn targeting a residential building in the al-Dawoodi neighborhood in central Baghdad. The building got used by the suspects as headquarters, Maj. Gen. Ragheef, director of internal affairs, Ministry of Interior, said in a press conference held Saturday evening in Baghdad (Pope, 2002). Ragheef said the group consisted of 12 suspected terrorists,